COST IMPLICATION OF DESIGN VARIABLES AND LIFE CYCLE COSTING OF BUILDING

1.0 CASE STUDY BACKGROUND

1.1 Petronas Twin Tower KLCC

Petronas Twin Tower Klcc was located in the middle of the city Kuala Lumpur. This building was constructed in 1993. KLCC Twin Tower are 88 – storey supertall skyscraper in Malaysia. The height of the building is 1483 feet (452m). It was the tallest building between the era 1998 – 2004 in the world. Total cost of this construction almost US$ 1.6 Billion own by KLCC Holdings SDN BHD. There are 88 floor with five underground which total floor area 395,000m2.Petronas Twin Tower was built based on a combination of various attractive geometrical design concept. It combine the Islamic architecture reflects the uniqueness of Malaysian architecture. The picture shows the cross section of the tower. The cross section shows there are two square interlocking and form the most common shape in Islamic design

This design means :

1. UNITY

2. HARMONY

3. STABILITY

4. RATIONALITY

This building has a sky bridge between the two towers. Its function as a bridge to connect people from tower one and two. One of the most dramatic features in this construction is the placement of the sky bridge. The sky bridge was located on levels 41 to 42 which totally length 58.4 meters.

1.2 Menara Kuala Lumpur

Menara Kuala Lumpur Sdn. Bhd. is in charge of running KL Tower (MKLSB). It is the seventh tallest tower in the world and the tallest in South East Asia. KL Tower was constructed to enhance broadcasting and telecommunications quality in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding areas. But in addition to overseeing radio, broadcasting, and telecommunications, Kuala Lumpur's KL Tower is a "must visit" tourist attraction.

KL Tower's construction started on October 4th, 1991, and it was finished in May 1996. On 23 July 1996, the tower opened to the public. On 1 October 1996, Malaysia's Prime Minister, Y.A.B. Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, officially launched the skyscraper. KL Tower is currently among the most significant monument in Malaysia, representing the country's growth and progress on the international scene.

The stunning 421-meter-tall with 15 storey KL Skyscraper was constructed atop Bukit Nanas, integrating the tower into the surrounding landscape. Total floor for this building is 7,700 m2. It features an antenna that increases its height to 421 metres (1,381 feet). The roof of the pod is at 335 metres (1,099 feet). The rest of the tower below has a stairwell and an elevator to reach the upper area, which also contains a revolving customer, providing diners with a panoramic view of the city.

The structure can be divided into 5 basic sections: The Foundation Base - houses 3 basement floors for safety needs, storage and maintenance work. The Touristic Building - bears the administration office, souvenir shops and the 146 metres pedestrian mall with cascading pools. The Tower Shaft - comprises 22 levels with 4 elevators and 2058 step flight of stairs. The Tower Head - holds the public observation platform (276m) and revolving restaurant as well as the telecommunication and broadcasting stations. The Antenna Mast - crowns the tower and specially utilised for telecommunication and broadcasting transmissions.

2.0 CHARACTERISTIC OF THE BUILDING

2.1 Plan/building shape

Petronas Twin Tower KLCC

The plan for each tower is identical an eight-lobed circular structure that contains 88 stories of occupiable space and a pyramid-shaped pinnacle surmounted by a slender steel spire. These metallic corn shaped building towers are filled with offices, posh mall, hotels and attraction around the building

Kuala Lumpur Tower

Its dome shape arranged in the form of Islamic Muqarnas, Iran and with a long column as the main structure.

2.2 Structural form

Petronas Twin Tower KLCC

Each tower is supported by a ring of sixteen high-strength reinforced concrete cylindrical columns that are positioned on the inside corners of the star-shaped plan to create a "soft tube," and which are connected by structural concrete ring beams that are slightly arched. The building's columns are nearly 2.4 metres in diameter at the base, but they get smaller as they ascend through the floors and slope inward toward the centre of the towers, giving the structure a more slim line appearance. Each tower has a concrete core that measures roughly 23 by 23 metres in size. To enhance to the structure's rigidity, concrete outrigger beams connecting the perimeter columns to the cores at the 38th and 40th levels. The twelve smaller perimeter columns and ring beams that surround each "bustle" are made completely of in-situ high-strength concrete, as is the core and cylinder tube frame system. The cores form two nearly "solid" walls that run east-west and north-south. The characteristic long-span floor beams that support metal deck slabs made of concrete were made of structural steel, and each bay that cantilevers past the perimeter columns is made of steel as well.

Kuala Lumpur Tower

Steel is used to build both the primary vertical/lateral structural components and the floor spanning systems. It should be noted that a building with steel beams supporting a floor system of concrete planks or slabs is still referred to as a "steel" structure because the concrete components are not serving as the main support. For the vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from concrete which has been cast in place and utilizes steel reinforcement bars. The primary structural components are made of a combination of materials (such as steel, concrete, and wood). Buildings using steel columns with a floor system of reinforced concrete beams, a steel frame system with a concrete core, steel columns that are concrete-encased, steel tubes that are filled with concrete, etc.

2.3 Fenestration

Petronas Twin Tower KLCC

There are a few façade element use as the fenestration system to make the building more efficient and economical. All the system applied in this building which is its support the fenestration system very well.

Unitised curtain wall system
Stainless steel cladding system
Semi unitised spider fritted glass system
Stick curtain wall system
Spider canopy system
Aluminium roof skylight system

Kuala Lumpur Tower

This tower has only a few opening or glass façade compare to KLCC. Moreover its use concrete as the main structure which is the main building part has no opening. Only dome at the top has the glass wall and observing deck, which allow tourist to visit the observation deck to look at the view.

3.0 Conclusion

In summary, we discovered that, when comparing the two buildings, Kuala Lumpur Twin Tower and Kuala Lumpur Tower, the Kuala Lumpur Twin Tower has more fenestration systems, supporting its building to be more economical and efficient in energy saving , cost, design, and functionality of the building.

4.0 References

Pretrosains, (2022), PLAN A VISIT FACILITIES & ACCESSIBILITY. Petronastwintowers

https://www.petronastwintowers.com.my/facilities-and-accessibility/

Fenestra Malaysia Sdn Bhd, (2013), FENESTRA MALAYSIA,. Fenestra

https://www.fenestra.com.my/p-menara-3-klcc?lightbox=imagej3q

Britannica, (2022 July 9), buildings, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Lorraine Murray.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Petronas-Twin-Towers

Petronas Twin Tower, (2022) IDENTICAL TOWERS, IDENTICAL WONDERS, Petrosains

https://www.petronastwintowers.com.my/

Wikipedia, (2022 July 3), Petronas Tower, en.wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Towers

STR Germany , (2000-2022), Menara Kuala Lumpur, Emposir